In addition, the genome complexity of polyploids is often exacerbated by heterogeneous inheritance patterns across chromosomes, ranging from fully tetrasomic to disomic inheritance ( Dufresne et al., 2014 Meirmans et al., 2018). One of the reasons is that such investigations remain challenging, due to uncertainty in estimating allele copy number (i.e., dosage) and, therefore, to accurately assess genotype and allele frequencies ( Meirmans and van Tienderen, 2013 Dufresne et al., 2014 Meirmans et al., 2018). Despite their high abundance in nature, economic, esthetic, and medicinal importance, polyploids are still rarely investigated in population genomics ( van de Peer et al., 2017). ![]() Polyploids are very frequent in flowering plants as at least 35% of extant species are of recent polyploid origin ( Wood et al., 2009). The revealed natural genomic variation in Greek Alkanna can be used to further predict variation in A/S production, whereas our bioinformatics approach should prove useful for the study of other non-model polyploid species. tinctoria mainly driven by neutral processes. tinctoria.Ĭonclusion: Current findings provide evidence of strong genetic structure in A. Modeling of spatial and climatic variables further demonstrated a larger contribution of neutral processes and a lesser albeit significant role of selection in shaping the observed genetic structure in A. Several analyses identified interspecific admixture affecting both mainland and island populations. tinctoria along a latitudinal gradient in line with phytogeographic divisions. Key Results: We found support for a marked regional structure in A. Finally, to reveal the drivers of genetic structure, we searched for associations between allele frequencies and spatial and climatic variables. Classical and model-based analysis was done to characterize the genetic structure within and between the sampled populations, complemented by genome size measurements and chromosomal counts. By using a ploidy-aware genotype calling based on likelihoods, we generated a dataset of 16,107 high-quality SNPs. In addition, we included two populations of A. tinctoria within its main distribution range in Greece and genotyped them using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing. Methods: We collected 14 populations of A. ![]() From a practical perspective, such investigation can inform biodiversity management strategies. Here, by employing a ploidy-aware framework, we investigated the genetic structure and its determinants in polyploid Alkanna tinctoria (Boraginaceae), an ancient medicinal herb that is the source of bioactive compounds known as alkannin and shikonin (A/S). In comparison with diploids, however, genetic variation and factors fostering genetic divergence remain poorly studied in polyploids due to analytical challenges. 3Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki, Greeceīackground and Aims: Quantifying genetic variation is fundamental to understand a species’ demographic trajectory and its ability to adapt to future changes.2Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.1Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, Austria.Temsch 2, Hanna Weiss-Schneeweiss 2, Christian Lexer 2 †, Eva Maria Sehr 1 * ‡ and Ovidiu Paun 2 ‡ Muhammad Ahmad 1,2, Thibault Leroy 2, Nikos Krigas 3, Eva M.
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